Chess Transformer Study Shows Lower-Skill Play Retains Internal Knowledge

arXiv:2611.03439v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Generative models increasingly simulate users at different skill levels in education and AI evaluation. Yet it remains unclear whether lower-skill behavior reflects less internal knowledge or a different use of retained knowledge. This distinction is difficult to study in natural language, where proficiency and relevant knowledge are hard to measure. In this work, we study Maia-2, a chess transformer that predicts human moves conditioned on player skill, using quantitative skill ratings and deterministically labeled chess concepts. We hold board positions and model weights fixed and analyze positions where skill conditioning changes the prediction from a blunder to the best move. First, we measure encoded knowledge by training probes to predict the presence of 172 chess concepts from Maia-2's internal states. Probe accuracy remains nearly constant across skill conditions, and probes trained at one level transfer accurately to the others. To test whether stronger decisions can be recovered from this retained knowledge, we fine-tune only Maia-2's final output layer, raising best-move accuracy in the lowest skill band from 14.4% to 82.8%. Training this layer only on highest-skill representations retains most of the improvement at lower levels, showing that recovery does not require direct training on lower-skill states. Steering concept-relevant features learned by a sparse autoencoder also improves lower-skill decisions while leaving probe-measured concept encoding practically unchanged. These results support an account in which skill conditioning changes how retained concept knowledge influences move selection, showing that weaker behavior can understate the knowledge available within a model.